Question 1

The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was:

Accepted Answer

A)   Elliot's adrenaline mimicking sympathetic activation.
B)   Loewi's transfer of fluid from stimulated frog hearts.
C)   Sherrington's study of reflexes.
D)   Eccles's measurement of IPSPs.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 2

If a drug has high affinity and low efficacy, what effect does it have on the postsynaptic neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)   antagonistic
B)   agonistic
C)   proactive
D)   destructiveE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 3

Most neurons release more than one kind of neurotransmitter.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

A new drug is discovered that affects the activity of enzymes. Which of the following stages of synaptic transmission is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

A)   Synthesis
B)   Diffusion
C)   action potential
D)   ReleaseE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 5

Whether or not a neurotransmitter is excitatory depends on the response of the postsynaptic receptor.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE about EPSPs?

Accepted Answer

A)   It takes two to produce an action potential.
B)   They decay over time and space.
C)   They can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
D)   They occur because potassium gates open.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 7

Insulin increases the entry of tryptophan into the brain by:

Accepted Answer

A)   weakening the blood-brain barrier.
B)   converting tryptophan into a compound that more easily enters the brain.
C)   increasing metabolic activity only in those areas of the brain that use tryptophan.
D)   causing certain competing amino acids to enter other cells, outside the brain.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

The "decision" for a neuron to fire is determined by the:

Accepted Answer

A)   number of EPSPs only.
B)   spontaneous firing rate.
C)   number of IPSPs only.
D)   ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 9

The catecholamines include:

Accepted Answer

A)   epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
B)   epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
C)   dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
D)   epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 10

Reflexive flexion and extension of a dog's legs can still occur when the spinal cord is disconnected from the brain.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A drug that produces excitement, alertness, elevated mood, and decreased fatigue is referred to as a:

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulant.
B)   depressant.
C)   hallucinogen.
D)   tranquilizer.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

At the synapse, cocaine:

Accepted Answer

A)   increases the synthesis of dopamine.
B)   blocks the breakdown of dopamine.
C)   accelerates the breakdown of dopamine.
D)   blocks the reuptake of dopamine.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

In a reflex arc, the coordination between contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by:

Accepted Answer

A)   glial cells.
B)   motor neurons.
C)   sensory neurons.
D)   interneurons.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?

Accepted Answer

A)   Transmission at a synapse is slower than transmission of impulses along an axon.
B)   Transmission at the synapse is primarily an electrical process.
C)   Synapses can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
D)   Synapses make spatial summation and temporal summation possible.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Activation of autoreceptors tends to:

Accepted Answer

A)   increase further neurotransmitter release.
B)   stimulate GABA release.
C)   increase sodium-potassium pump activity.
D)   decrease further neurotransmitter release.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 16

A chemical is called a(n)  ____ when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.

Accepted Answer

A)   hormone
B)   neurotransmitter
C)   neuromodulator
D)   endocrineE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

A reflex arc consists only of sensory neurons.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to ____ outside the membrane, and attach to ____ inside the membrane.

Accepted Answer

A)   calcium; potassium
B)   neurotransmitters; nicotine
C)   neurotransmitters; G-proteins
D)   adenosine; nitric oxideE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 19

Why are the withdrawal effects of marijuana usually less intense than other drugs?

Accepted Answer

A)   Marijuana affects only the brain stem.
B)   Marijuana leaves the body slowly.
C)   Marijuana affects only presynaptic neurons.
D)   The body compensates by producing more dopamine.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 20

Suppose a new neurotransmitter is identified that does not excite or inhibit postsynaptic cells, but affects the release of other neurotransmitters or the sensitivity of postsynaptic cells. This neurotransmitter would most likely be categorized as a(n) :

Accepted Answer

A)   neuromodulator.
B)   ionotropic modulator.
C)   hormone.
D)   gas.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Exam 3: Synapses

A chemical is called a(n) ____ when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is TRUE about EPSPs?

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In a reflex arc, the coordination between contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Activation of autoreceptors tends to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a drug has high affinity and low efficacy, what effect does it have on the postsynaptic neuron?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The "decision" for a neuron to fire is determined by the:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Whether or not a neurotransmitter is excitatory depends on the response of the postsynaptic receptor.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why are the withdrawal effects of marijuana usually less intense than other drugs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A drug that produces excitement, alertness, elevated mood, and decreased fatigue is referred to as a:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most neurons release more than one kind of neurotransmitter.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose a new neurotransmitter is identified that does not excite or inhibit postsynaptic cells, but affects the release of other neurotransmitters or the sensitivity of postsynaptic cells. This neurotransmitter would most likely be categorized as a(n) :

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to ____ outside the membrane, and attach to ____ inside the membrane.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The catecholamines include:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Reflexive flexion and extension of a dog's legs can still occur when the spinal cord is disconnected from the brain.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A new drug is discovered that affects the activity of enzymes. Which of the following stages of synaptic transmission is most likely to be affected?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

At the synapse, cocaine:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A reflex arc consists only of sensory neurons.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Insulin increases the entry of tryptophan into the brain by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to outside the membrane, and attach to inside the membrane.

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