A) Medieval cities sprang up as centers of commerce and economic activity, whereas ancient cities emerged to meet religious, social, and political needs.
B) Medieval cities featured thick walls to defend against invading Magyars, Vikings, and Saracens, while ancient cities did not need such walled fortifications because of the peace that predominated in the Hellenistic and Roman worlds.
C) Medieval cities featured far better systems of sanitation, since medieval engineers were able to improve upon the models and systems designed by Romans and Greeks.
D) Medieval cities were usually run directly by ecclesiastical authorities, whereas cities in the Roman and Hellenistic world were controlled by emperors, senates, and despots.
F) B) and C)
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A) The crusaders lacked coordinated strategies, clear plans, and a central organization.
B) The papacy had given up on crusading altogether.
C) The crusaders lacked support from the crusader states in the Near East.
D) The crusaders were sidetracked by the possibility of sacking and looting Constantinople.
F) A) and B)
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Answer would ideally include the followi...View Answer
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A) Confirmation
B) The Eucharist
C) Marriage
D) Ordination
F) All of the above
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A) kingdoms under the direct control of the pope.
B) battleground territory between the eastern Orthodox church and western Christianity.
C) an extension of the Holy Roman Empire and were ruled by the emperor himself.
D) lordships in which rulers granted fiefs to their vassals.
F) B) and C)
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